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Tout s'étant droitisé...
January 4, 2019
Analysts of capitalist society who give primacy to class relations—sometimes branded "class firsters"—have been met with a mix of false and contradictory charges. Michael Yates's CounterPunch (12/24/18)  link to www.counterpunch.org essay, based on his book 'Can the Working Class Change the World?' (Monthly Review Press, 2018), is a good example of this muddled criticism. Yates's piece warrants a close look for two reasons: first, unlike "race reductionists" who tend to operate without a structural analysis of capitalism, Yates explicitly offers such an analysis; and second, by sorting out where he goes wrong, it might be possible to find a way forward.
One of Yates's key points, reiterated multiple times, is that capitalism, racism, and sexism "cannot be separated." Racism and patriarchy, Yates says, are "essential features" of capitalism; along with ecological destruction, racism and patriarchy are "fundamental to capitalism." In his book, Yates suggests (p. 79), invoking W. E. B. Du Bois, that it is not even possible to imagine a non-racist, non-sexist capitalism. In light of this insistence on the ontological inseparability of capitalism, racism, and sexism, it rings odd, then, when Yates criticizes class-firsters for failing to see that "to some extent, race and gender are independent of class." Aside from the apparent contradiction between claims that race/racism and gender/sexism are both inseparable from and independent of class, there are two problems here. One is that the people Yates identifies as class-firsters—most notably Adolph Reed; though perhaps with Walter Benn Michaels also in mind—don't at all fail to see that race and gender, as systems of inequality, are "to some extent, independent of class." Indeed, this is part of what they've been arguing.
Seal clubbing, trophy hunting profiteering, cattle ranching, dairy product marketing, collateral damage of war, dearth of animal protection laws for lab animals or animals factory farmed or in cattle ranches etc by Canada
Think Tank That Infiltrated Sanders Campaign And Smeared UK's Corbyn Promotes Militarist "Anglo-Saxon World View"
L'inhibition de l'action qui asphyxie...
A weekly 30 minute review of international news and opinion, recorded from a shortwave radio and the internet. With times, frequencies, and websites for listening at home. 3 files- Highest quality broadcast, regular broadcast, and slow-modem streaming. Radio Deutsche-Welle, Radio Havana Cuba, Sputnik Radio, and NHK Japan.
Adana ucuz Oto Kiralama sizler için hergün kaliteli içerik yayinlamaya devam edecek.
Watch the video.
Capitalism contains crisis as rainclouds contain rain, said Jean Jaures, 19th-century French socialist. Big Pharma, Big Wall Street, and the Big Military Complex have armies of lobbyists. False concepts that financial markets are efficient and tend to equilibrium still rule economics and have multiple bites of the apple. The powerful create one set of rules for themselves. We the People should govern and politics should control economics.
Du sous-vivre institutionnel...
1 January 2019
Source via email: "This is going to top Edward Snowden's NSA leaks." [1,000s of hacked confidential documents pertaining to 9/11 litigation] Press Release: https://pastebin.com/4F5R8QyQ
LINK: https://anonfiles.com/U714sep7b8/release_01_zip
Your friends, thedarkoverlord (@tdo_h4ck3rs) Professional Adversarial Threat Group https://cryptome.org/2019/01/wtc-911-001-018.pdf
https://cryptome.org/2019/01/wtc-911-019.pdf
Hiscox Syndicates Ltd and Lloyds of London are some of the biggest insurers on the planet insuring everything from the smallest policies to some of the largest policies on the planet, and who even insured structures such as the World Trade Centers.
November 10th, 2018
Any scanning of the headlines both in standard and critical postings, especially since the 2016 US elections, will suffice. In the interest of brevity, reference is made to almost any pages published concurrent with this remark. All one of the anonymous speech controllers has to do is introduce some nifty expression and everyone takes it. Inventing such nifty language was once a business known by the sobriquet Madison Avenue. However, this ancient weapon of psychological warfare (against the general population) was industrialized, like mass slaughter, during World War I.[1] Now "Fake"; e.g., "fake news" seems to be the slogan of the year. This is bizarre considering that most, if not all, so-called "news" is fabricated; i.e., "fake". That means it does not tell anything except what the controlling editors (and ultimately the owners) want to have said.[2] The ostensible event need not even have occurred. In the echo chambers of the "Left" everyone accuses the Establishment — to which they are the logical complement — of spreading "fake" news. This implies that there is "news" spread which is not fake; i.e., perhaps "true", a word to be treated with the greatest of caution. Fowler[3] would certainly have called this "vogue" language. Propaganda (or public relations/ advertising) does not acquire more substance, nor is there more precision in the fashionable term, "fake news". Simply sticking to the essence: fake news is just another term, a euphemism, for "lie" circulated by one or more elements of the mass media. The lie loses the quality of active deceit. Moreover the wide adoption of the term marks the user as someone "up to date", part of the herd or swarm that reports about the reporting, while propagating the specious claim that journalism is something other than the commercial exploitation of voyeuristic or solipsistic text and image production.[4]
In the Reagan administration the Vulcans were even further empowered to greater heights of criminal behaviour
November 28th, 2018
The homelessness issue has been a source of controversy at the local, state and national levels for some time now. There has been some limited progress, but this problem has certainly not been resolved humanely. Sometimes lost in the debate about this issue is that the homeless are fellow human beings, including families with children, and most of them really don't want to be without homes. Many of these people were and are hard working people who suffered some event, whether it was due to the predatory financial crisis ten years ago, a health crisis, a loss of a good-paying job, an accident, a severe weather-related event, the opioid crisis or other drug addiction, etc. A disproportionately large number are military veterans who suffer from PTSD or other injuries that prevent them from maintaining employment. Many of us could also become homeless if we were faced with something that disrupted our income source. Despite the valiant efforts of lots of smart and compassionate people, the conditions faced by the homeless in the U.S. are, in general, a disgrace. I had the good fortune to have lived in Western Europe for two years in the 1980s and saw very few homeless people there. Most of these nations had good safety net programs that were a right. Unlike the U.S., self-described as the world's greatest nation, these Western European nations valued and provided human rights including, for example, the rights to health care, housing and food, rights that don't exist here.
Du local à l'international...
This November 22nd marked fifty-five years since the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Perhaps no other major incident in U.S. history has generated more uncertainty and skepticism towards its official account than his Dallas killing in 1963. A 2013 Gallup poll showed that a clear majority of Americans still doubt the Warren Commission's determination that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone as the accused sniper, with many suspecting that others in government and organized crime were involved in a secret plot to kill the president. Although its etymological origins can be traced back further, as a cultural phenomenon the notion of belief in so-called 'conspiracy theories' is widely attributed to a surge in distrust of government and media institutions that followed JFK's murder. Perhaps its only rival would be September 11th, which surveys have similarly indicated a trend of doubt towards the 9/11 Commission Report's version of events leading up to the attacks in 2001. In other words, most people believe in a major conspiracy theory — yet they generally remain a mark of disgrace and public ridicule.
At no point in time have conspiracy theories been as stigmatized as in the wake of the 2016 U.S. election. Incidentally, what is classified as such is no longer consigned to the societal fringe or ever been more popular. It is alleged that the spreading of "fake news" on social media, featuring debunked viral conspiracies like Pizzagate, was what tipped the voting scales in Donald Trump's favor. Or was it the very real conspiracy revealed in leaked emails published by WikiLeaks that the Democratic National Committee rigged the party primary for Hillary Clinton? We're supposed to consider that fake news too, apparently. Regardless, what is consistently never addressed is the reasons why people turn to unofficial narratives because it would require the media to address its own negligence to hold those in power to account.
December 4th, 2018
If you're one of the millions of human beings who, despite a preponderance of evidence to the contrary, still believe there is such a thing as "the truth," you might not want to read this essay. Seriously, it can be extremely upsetting when you discover that there is no "truth" ... or rather, that what we're all conditioned to regard as "truth" from the time we are children is just the product of a technology of power, and not an empirical state of being. Humans, upon first encountering this fact, have been known to freak completely out and start jabbering about the "Word of God," or "the immutable laws of quantum physics," and run around burning other people at the stake or locking them up and injecting them with Thorazine. I don't want to be responsible for anything like that, so consider this your trigger warning. OK, now that that's out of the way, let's take a look at how "truth" is manufactured. It's actually not that complicated. See, the "truth" is ... well, it's a story, essentially. It's whatever story we are telling ourselves at any given point in history ("we" being the majority of people, those conforming to the rules of whatever system wields enough power to dictate the story it wants everyone to be telling themselves). Everyone understands this intuitively, but the majority of people pretend they don't in order to be able to get by in the system, which punishes anyone who does not conform to its rules, or who contradicts its story. So, basically, to manufacture the truth, all you really need is (a) a story, and (b) enough power to coerce a majority of people in your society to pretend to believe it.
Le monde de la mathématisation...
I started writing about a "soft" American totalitarianism for the first time in 1998, in the wake of the Monica Lewinsky scandal.
The time has come to explore modes of existence that only make sense under a fascist regime, or rather, they are the only modes that make sense under fascist conditions. Above all, the question of moral disengagement from any existing political practice must be taken seriously, and this includes so-called "resistance." Are there things that pass under the activist rubric today that are actually strengthening rather than weakening fascism? If that is the case, then those activities must undergo severe scrutiny, because it may well be that what seems like activism is actually passivism, and vice versa. I would argue that if we're seeing fascism, it is a peculiar form of fascism indeed, because it looks like one hundred percent neoliberalism from where I am. Nonetheless, it is fascism of a kind, it is neoliberalism's fascist mode. The Democratic party today is a fairly accurate reflection of where the country's liberal institutions, from broadcasting and arts and media organizations, to the sensibility in the academy and government at all levels, pretty much rests: focusing on an exaggerated concept of personal responsibility, which is at the least neoliberal and at its worst fascistic. There is nothing to hope for from our entire (neoliberal) intellectual establishment; how can there be a chance for resistance to work in that situation? They, the country's thinkers, especially those who consider themselves progressive, are the conveyors of the virus that has led to fascism. We are not yet ready to give up empire (we call it our "world standing"), and therefore the fascism that goes with it; we just want a nice human face on it, an Obama or a reformed Hillary Clinton.
December 27, 2018
An article in the November 9th Bend (Oregon) Bulletin reported that due to low water reserves, the Bureau of Reclamation that controls water release from Prineville Reservoir might limit flows in the Crooked River to preserve water for irrigators to the detriment of fish and the Crooked River's aquatic ecosystem. A number of other recent commentaries have championed Agriculture and their use of water for irrigation. These articles fail to ask a fundamental question. Why are irrigators allowed to dewater our rivers, destroy aquatic ecosystems and potentially kill thousands of fish with impunity? If a fisherman were to keep one extra fish, he/she would be fined, but irrigators kill tens of thousands of fish and fish dependent wildlife from mink and otters to bald eagles and osprey) with no consequences? In addition to the loss of fish and wildlife, irrigation withdrawals contribute to substantial water pollution including greater sedimentation in the river and higher water temperatures, not to mention significant channel modification and loss of riparian vegetation. All of this without any legal consequences or even public condemnation. To add insult to injury, Senator Merkley has obtained $30 million of our taxpayer money to pay for the piping of leaky Ag irrigation ditches that enhances the property values of irrigators and the irrigation district—at public expense to mitigate some of the irrigation impacts to the Deschutes River. Such solutions are like suggesting that taxpayers should pay to install scrubbers on coal-fired power plants to reduce air pollution rather than having the people buying power from the utility pay for pollution reduction.
The latest bid to keep Washington's desperate Russiagate conspiracy theory alive has energized distilled segments of the public still convinced of Moscow's global omniscience and its role in manipulating and undermining virtually every aspect of their daily lives.
But recent "revelations" are simply the same accusations made against a Russian-based click-bait farm, repackaged and respun. The Washington Post's article, "New report on Russian disinformation, prepared for the Senate, shows the operation's scale and sweep," would in fact present no new report. Instead, it would present repackaged narratives involving "Russia's disinformation campaign around the 2016 election." Oxford University's Computational Propaganda Project is funded by the US National Science Foundation and the European Research Council as well as by Oxford University itself. The fact that the former two sponsors are supposedly dedicated to funding scientific pursuits yet are funding the Project's role in buttressing Western propaganda - specifically that aimed at Russia and China - is particularly troubling. New Knowledge is more interesting still. It poses as a business claiming to provide the service of, "protecting brands from social media disinformation attacks." It includes CEO Jonathon Morgan who boasts of contributing to corporate-financier funded Brookings Institution - a pro-war policy think tank. He also claims to have served as a "Special Advisor to the State Department." COO Ryan Fox claims he spent 15 years at the National Security Agency (NSA) focusing on signals intelligence and before that as an analyst for the US Army. Renee DiResta - New Knowledge's director of research - also claims to have worked as an adviser to the US State Department as well as for Congress and other state and federal government institutions regarding "the spread of disinformation and propaganda."
December 22nd, 2018
As my regular readers will probably recall, according to my personal, pseudo-Chinese zodiac, 2017 was "The Year of the Headless Liberal Chicken." This year, having given it considerable thought, and having consulted the I Ching, and assorted other oracles, I'm designating 2018 "The Year of Putin-Nazi Paranoia." Not that 2017 wasn't already paranoid. It was. It was completely paranoid, and otherwise clinically batshit crazy. But 2018 has been batshit crazier. It started out with the Internet companies that control the flow of information that most of us now perceive as "reality" launching an all-out War on Dissent, purportedly to protect the public from "divisive" and "confusing" content, and other forms of Russian "influencing." Twitter started sending out scary emails warning customers that there was "reason to believe" that they had "followed," "retweeted," or "liked the content of" accounts "connected to a propaganda effort by a Russian government-linked organization." Facebook launched its own Ministry of Truth, manned by "a dedicated counter-terrorism team" of "former intelligence and law-enforcement officials" (also known as The Atlantic Council, NATO's unofficial propaganda wing). Google stepped up its covert deranking of insufficiently Russia-hating and other "non-authoritative" websites.
The Times did a valuable service by investigating the murder of a Palestinian medic by Israeli snipers, but undermined their own work with pro-apartheid framing and both-sides tropes.
The battle against racism and its effects is often described in a similar [to feminism's] three-part timeline, with movements against slavery and segregation, and then—vaguely—the post-civil-rights era.
Third-wave antiracism makes sense, and fits into the longer struggle, but it's a dead end. On American college campuses, it is typical to depict unwelcome opinions as injurious to one's sense of safety. In a version of self-defense, it's voguish to "de-platform" controversial speakers. Crucially, this phenomenon of hypersensitivity extends far beyond campus. In fact, third-wave antiracism is a profoundly religious movement in everything but terminology. The idea that whites are permanently stained by their white privilege, gaining moral absolution only by eternally attesting to it, is the third wave's version of original sin. The idea of a someday when America will "come to terms with race" is as vaguely specified a guidepost as Judgment Day. Explorations as to whether an opinion is "problematic" are equivalent to explorations of that which may be blasphemous. The social mauling of the person with "problematic" thoughts parallels the excommunication of the heretic. What is called "virtue signaling," then, channels the impulse that might lead a Christian to an aggressive display of her faith in Jesus. There is even a certain Church Lady air to much of the patrolling on race these days, an almost performative joy in dog-piling on the transgressor, which under a religious analysis is perfectly predictable. The contemporary left's concern is with the underlying biases that bolster the racism that remains. It seeks, as a way forward, a society not only without racist structures, but without racist thought, which, for one, can foster race-based disparities that eerily parallel those conditioned in the past by overt segregation.
Of all the active shooter events studied from 2000-2017 there were 33 at which an armed citizen was present. Of those, Armed Citizens were successful at stopping the Active shooter 75.8% of the time (25 incidents) and were successful in reducing the loss of life in an additional 18.2% (6) of incidents. In only 2 of the 33 incidents (6.1%) was the Armed Citizen(s) not helpful in any way in stopping the active shooter or reducing the loss of life.
At the 33 incidents at which Armed Citizens were present, there were zero situations at which the Armed Citizen injured or killed an innocent person. It never happened.
calling all women
"arise all women who have hearts" where: friday december 28 from 12 noon to 1 pm, federal building 1220 sw 3rd ave. portland what: women's vigil in resistance--standing for justice
Comme de l'agressivité détournée...
A weekly 30 minute review of international news and opinion, recorded from a shortwave radio and the internet. With times, frequencies, and websites for listening at home. 3 files- Highest quality broadcast, regular broadcast, and slow-modem streaming. NHK Japan, Radio Havana Cuba, and Sputnik Radio.
There will be another protest this Saturday at City Hall from 10:00 to 2:30.
Le capital de la déchéance...
(1:24)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ruwto2gTrM
Chris Hedges spoke in Eugene, Oct. 3, 2018 to the Community Rights Lane County. He is on the west coast for his latest book, 'America: The Farewell Tour'
Is package theft a crime or just re-distribution of wealth?
A campaign of silence by corporate media with their meat ad profiteering and by federal agencies which historically protect the meat industry have criminally neglected informing the public of Mad Deer, Mad Cow, Mad Caribou, Mad Bear, Mad Reindeer, Mad Elk etc.
A children's speech pathologist who has worked for the last nine years with developmentally disabled, autistic, and speech-impaired elementary school students in Austin, Texas, has been told that she can no longer work with the public school district, after she refused to sign an oath vowing that she "does not" and "will not" engage in a boycott of Israel or "otherwise tak[e] any action that is intended to inflict economic harm" on that foreign nation. A lawsuit on her behalf was filed early Monday morning in a federal court in the Western District of Texas, alleging a violation of her First Amendment right of free speech.
The language of the affirmation Amawi was told she must sign reads like Orwellian — or McCarthyite — self-parody, the classic political loyalty oath that every American should instinctively shudder upon reading. At the time that Texas enacted the Israel-specific state law enacted on May 2, 2017, by the Texas State Legislature and signed into law two days later by GOP Gov. Greg Abbott, barring contractors from supporting a boycott of Israel, it was the 17th state in the country to do so. As of now, 26 American states have enacted such laws — including blue states run by Democrats such as New York, California, and New Jersey — while similar bills are pending in another 13 states. The bill's language is so sweeping that some victims of Hurricane Harvey, which devastated Southwest Texas in late 2017, were told that they could only receive state disaster relief if they first signed a pledge never to boycott Israel.
Video report from the rally in Portland Oregon in support of the Honduras Caravan that is arriving at the US / Mexico border. Portland Support for Hondurans fleeing US-made hell. Filmed on 11.25.18
L'on ne naît pas, l'on devient...
The rulers want to divert from the real causes of the refugee wave and from their own misdeeds because the cause of the misery is an exploitation crisis of capital and the greed of mammoth world corporations for more dominance or "free markets." Only the prospect for a future in their country can stop refugees, not borders. Just trade would be the first step. Borders are a thorn in the eye to capital. Writing from Thailand, the author tells about the ideologies storming in from Europe.
A weekly 30 minute review of international news and opinion, recorded from a shortwave radio and the internet. With times, frequencies, and websites for listening at home. 3 files- Highest quality broadcast, regular broadcast, and slow-modem streaming. NHK Japan, Spanish National Radio, Radio Havana Cuba, and Sputnik Radio.
Nothing scares the Identity Politics Left quite like an actual working class uprising.
Les armes de la mentalité...
To ask your representative to vote for prison reform call 202 224 3121
Jerusalem = Jew-Rusalem, Has Been the Jewish People's Capital City For 3,000yrs.
Security is their favorite theme because they can divert the masses from the fact that their economic- and social policy is directed against their material interests. This policy creates the lack of perspectives from which criminality arises. The collapse of the global casino is comparable to an avalanche. We are now in the first stage of this process. The message of the global financial sector is clear. The casino closes its doors. The game is over.
Un pas en avant, trois pas en arrière...
Empoisonnement globalisé...
The proof is in the documents.
November 26th, 2018
Unless you move in certain leftist circles, you may not have heard about one of the Russians' most insidiously evil active measures, an active measure so insidiously evil that it could only have been dreamed up in Moscow, the current wellspring of insidious evil. Its official Russo-Nazi-sounding code name is still being decided on by leftist cryptographers, but most people know it as the "Trumpenleft." The Trumpenleft (or "Sputnik Left," as it is also called by professional anti-Putin-Nazi intelligence analysts) is pretty much exactly what it sounds like. It is a gang of nefarious Putin-Nazi infiltrators posing as respectable leftists in order to disseminate Trumpian ideology and Putin-Nazi propaganda among an assortment of online leftist magazines that hardly anyone ever actually reads. The aim of these insidious Trumpenleft infiltrators is to sow confusion, chaos, and discord among actual, real, authentic leftists who are going about the serious business of calling Donald Trump a fascist on the Internet twenty-five times a day, verbally abusing Julian Assange, occasionally pulling down oppressive statues, and sharing videos of racist idiots acting like racist idiots in public. The Trumpenleft is determined to sabotage (or momentarily disrupt) this revolutionary work, mostly by tricking these actual leftists into critically thinking about a host of issues that there is no good reason to critically think about ... global capitalism, national sovereignty, immigration, identity politics, corporate censorship, and other issues that there is no conceivable reason to discuss, or debate, or even casually mention, unless you're some kind of Russia-loving Nazi.
A weekly 30 minute review of international news and opinion, recorded from a shortwave radio and the internet. With times, frequencies, and websites for listening at home. 3 files- Highest quality broadcast, regular broadcast, and slow-modem streaming. NHK Japan, Radio Havana Cuba, Spanish National Radio, and Sputnik Radio.
Taking the class war to the streets.
Anarchists claimed responsibility on Tuesday for an overnight graffiti attack on the Swiss headquarters of the World Trade Organization that has a history of attracting anti-globalization protests
With the censorship of Marc Lamont Hill the Israel lobby is on the offensive in using Senator Ben Cardin of RussiaGate game to force through anti-BDS legislation in secret and over the heads of the newly elected representatives RT, AOC, etc.
Safer but not out of the woods
Makes me feel like all internet traffic is filtered and delayed. Sandboxed to stymie free communications inside the United States.
Formatage des corps et des esprits...
Looks at Ocasio-Cortez's recent claim of Jewish Descent
Growth originally created a material prosperity about which earlier generations could only dream. However, more economic growth does not lead to people being happier anymore. We are prisoners of a system that forces us to permanent growth. Banks create credits at the touch of a button, wages stagnate, schools decay, and Goldman Sachs is in the government. Who benefits from this? Money creation is an accounting process. Banks decide how much money exists and what is financed.
A federal grand jury indicted three members of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department on charges of beating a fellow police officer who was working undercover during a 2017 protest. A fourth officer also was indicted and accused conspiring to cover up the incident.
"The indictment charges Officers Dustin Boone, 35, Bailey Colletta, 25, Randy Hays, 31, and Christopher Myers, 27, with various felony charges, including deprivation of constitutional rights, conspiracy to obstruct justice, destruction of evidence, and obstruction of justice." According to the indictment, officers Boone, Hays and Myers inflicted "bodily injury" on an undercover officer identified in the court document only as "L.H.", an officer and detective who is described as having 22 years of experience with the police department. The beating of L.H. occurred "while he was compliant and not posing a threat to anyone." The incident occurred during a September 17, 2017, protest against the acquittal of a white police officer who was tried in the death of a black suspect in 2011. The indictment says the officers exchanged a series of messages during the days of protest duty. In one Sept. 15, 2017, message, Officer Christopher Myers writes "let's whoop some ass." On Oct. 5, 2017, Officer Randy Hays writes "going rogue does feel good." Officer Dustin Boone later replies that "it's gonna be a lot of fun beating the hell out of these (expletive) once the sun goes down and nobody can tell us apart!!!!" On Sept. 17, he wrote that it was "a blast beating people that deserve it."
For decades, the DoD's leaders and accountants have been perpetrating a gigantic, unconstitutional accounting fraud, deliberately cooking the books to mislead the Congress and drive the DoD's budgets ever higher, regardless of military necessity. DoD has literally been making up numbers in its annual financial reports to Congress.
When the DoD submits its annual budget requests to Congress, it sends along the prior year's financial reports, which contain fabricated numbers. The fabricated numbers disguise the fact that the DoD does not always spend all of the money Congress allocates in a given year. However, instead of returning such unspent funds to the US Treasury, as the law requires, the Pentagon sometimes launders and shifts such moneys to other parts of the DoD's budget. Veteran Pentagon staffers say that this practice violates Article I Section 9 of the US Constitution, which stipulates that No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. Among the laundering tactics the Pentagon uses: So-called "one-year money"—funds that Congress intends to be spent in a single fiscal year—gets shifted into a pool of five-year money. This maneuver exploits the fact that federal law does not require the return of unspent "five-year money" during that five-year allocation period.
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