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actions & protests | environment | genetic engineering biodevastation 2004

Community garden soil phytoremediation

Starting a permaculture community garden on a contaminated landspace involves phytoextraction, using plants like Brassica juncea to remove the heavy metals like lead from the soil..
Community urban permaculture gardens would help people become independent from the corporate petrochemically driven wage labor hamster wheel that keeps people working long hours just to buy petrochemically derived pesticide/herbicide sprayed/GMO food from agribusiness corporations..

Corporate petroleum dependency is responsible for the US military occupation of Iraq. Plastics, fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides are all manufactured from crude oil petroleum, much of which comes from Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, etc..

Non-GMO/non-pesticide "organic" food is still very expensive and out of reach for most working people. This is not the fault of the small time organic farmer, they are just trying to survive in the corporate capitalist system where pesticide/GMO using agribusiness corporations are subsidized by government at taxpayer's expense..

Eating healthy food without pesticide/GMO is a human right for ALL PEOPLE on Earth. Making this a reality involves growing our own food in sustainable community gardens. Beginning a community garden in a public "waste space" of unused land is a challenge, especially when the soil of that land may be contaminated with some pollution..

There are different types of pollutants;
1)Toxic heavy metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se)
2)"organic" pollutants like pesticides and herbicides, benzene and other petrochemical residues

This article will focus on toxic heavy metal contaminants, specifically lead. Heavy metals like lead are dangerous to have in the gardens, so it is usually good to test the soil first. This could be done by collecting a sample and having a friend test it at the local community college chemistry department. If there is a large amount of lead or other heavy metal present in the soil, there are ways to take the metal out using certain plants, called phytoremediation..

"Brassica juncea" or Indian mustard green is known to accumulate heavy metals in its tissue, called phytoextraction. A few cover crops of this plant could remove a great deal of the heavy metal contaminant from the soil. Of course these plants should not be eaten, after they finish growing or die they could be brought to a toxic waste disposal so the lead can be removed from the ecosystem..

Heavy metal accumulation by Brassica juncea is a defense method that keeps insect pests from eating too much of the leaves. The difference is seen in plants that grow in soils with toxic heavy metal presence compared to those without. The caterpillars usually don't last as long when they eat the leaves that contain accumulated toxic heavy metals. Brassica juncea is healthy to eat if the soil doesn't contain excess toxic heavy metals, as it accumulates essential (beneficial metal) elements that animals and humans need like iron, magnesium, zinc, etc..

To increase the uptake of lead for phytoextraction, the lead needs to be loosened from the soil, especially if it is high clay content. Chelates (ex. EDTA) are compounds added to soil that sequester heavy metal ions like lead and increase their uptake into the phytoextractor plant..

Lead polluted soils form insoluble lead phosphate unavailable to plants, so plants will be nutritionally deficient in phosphate. Phosphate needs to be added to the plant leaves for availability..

Certain biotech corporations are attempting to use genetic engineering for "improving" phytoremediation. This is not needed as the plants are already quite good at sequestering heavy metals. Their evolutionary strategy of heavy metal bioaccumulation benefits them by keeping insects from devouring their leaves. Humans cannot improve on what exists in the plant by tampering with their DNA. However, biotech corporations could attempt to make a profit by selling a genetically altered "improved" phytoextractors to gullible consumers similar to "Round-up Ready" or Monsanto's Bacillus thuringiensis "Bt" corn..

Mother Nature is perfection, we don't need biotech corporations tampering with DNA..

Let's overgrow the corporate system..





for more info;

"Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals" edited by RR Brooks published by CAB Intn'l 1998

websites;

Permaculture as a Design Modality for Healing and Regeneration: Design with a Deeper Agenda;
 http://www.patriciamichaeldesign.com/PCHeal.htm

Ecological Engineering Group, LLC;
 http://www.ecological-engineering.com/defs.html

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM FROM
NEW ZEALAND SOILS;
 http://soils-earth.massey.ac.nz/phyto_cd.htm

 http://www.hybridpoplars.com/tracy.htm
mmm 15.Jun.2004 23:56

mmm

Excellent article

Just one thing - Organic food is not out of reach for most working people

hmmm 16.Jun.2004 00:08

crescent

o.k., the plants that take up the heavy metals have to be hauled to the landfill...I guess that's an ok tradeoff....everything people don't want to be responsible for goes to the landfill doesn't it?

returned package 16.Jun.2004 06:56

jd

it doesn't *have* to go to the landfilll.... you always could return the heavy metals to their original corporate owners...

reply 2 above comments 16.Jun.2004 09:12

moth

organic food and working (low income) people;

Real organic (no pesticide, no GMO) food is usually more expensive and therefore more difficult for working (lower income) people to access. Now that chain supermarkets are selling "USDA organic" it is more financially available to lower income people, though we need to realize that the chain supermarket "USDA organic" is part of the co-opting of the organic labeling process, where eventually the misnomer "organic" can apply to any spray pesticide approved by the government (the term "organic" in chemistry is any compound containing carbon and hydrogen, common to most petrochemically derived pesticides anyway), and you know how good the feds are at looking the other way when the petrochemical corporations are involved..

Unfortunately even these mass produced USDA organic products are not yet on the shelves in many low income neighborhood markets. For someone to journey to the wealthier side of town to pay twice as much for organic produce is sacrificing limited time and money. Not to mention other cities besides Portland (ex. Kansas City, Omaha, Baton Rouge, Dallas, etc.) are not as progressive with regards to organic food availability, though community gardens can happen anywhere..

landfills and heavy metal disposal

The heavy metals like lead that contaminate soils can be taken up by plants like Brassica juncea so that the lead doesn't have to remain there for additional years in some abandoned lot where children and animals play..

Disposal of the lead saturated plant would be an incinerator, most likely at a landfill. This would leave the lead remaining in the ash, and hopefully would be recycled into something safe, like the lead vests people wear when they get X-rays. Though i personally don't like exposing myself to radiation, i have occasionally gone to the dentist for X-rays. Here the lead vest functions as a protective shield instead of being outside in the soil of an abandoned lot in the city waiting to become airborne in a dust storm and fly into some child's mouth..

i agree that too many items are taken to the landfill, but taking the lead out of soil is actually being responsible for a dangerous mistake (lead in paint) made by people decades ago. Unfortunately our generation is stuck with being the clean up crew of the previous generations mistakes (nuclear waste, pesticides in groundwater, etc.). With SUV's smog, Monsanto's genetically engineered corn pollen, nanotechnology and other modern day corporate garbage, it seems we haven't learned much at all, and the future generation will be forced to clean up after the wastefullness and arrogance of our generation..

A note on permaculture techniques 16.Jun.2004 11:00

Rebecca

I was very concerned about permaculture techiques when attending a recent workshop on the subject. Bascially the speaker said that one could use cardboard boxes to put over grass then dump dirt on the boxes and garden in the dirt. Two things: Cardboard boxes are toxic. The ink is toxic and the glue used in the making of the boxes is toxic. All those toxins can be drawn up into the plants that you will be eating.

A friend of mine used newspaper as mulch after hearing a talk on permaculture. She became very ill and had sores on her face and torso. She was tired all the time and could barely get out of bed. Finally it was discovered that she had eaten root crops from a garden plot that she had mulced with newspaper. It took almost 2 years for her to get better. Newspaper is toxic.

Finally, in response to the first technique about using cardboard over grass. Plants will not do well because they will not have a chance to produce good root systems. Remember what is above the ground must be so below the ground. The healthier the root system, the more robust the leafy part of the plant. Grass harbors maggots from flies. These maggots can eat your garden plants. There is only one way to get a healthy plants, dig up the sod, shake the dirt from the roots, discard the sod and then add nutients to the soil before you plant. Sometime I hear permaculturist trying to save themselves some hard work only to realize that their garden plants won't thrive or they are using toxic substances in their gardens.

mmm 16.Jun.2004 11:22

mmm

The discussion about whether organic food is affordable needs to be clarified. What sort of organic food? Many people make poor food choices. Buying lots of processed, canned, packaged foods is expensive, organic or not. Organic processed packaged food is indeed more expensive. Fresh local organic produce and bulk organic foods are not particularly expensive.

Many people who currently buy packaged non-organic food, would spend less money if they bought bulk organic. And they would be healthier.

When nearly every household has at least one TV, we can see what priorities are set.

Now, it is true there are places where it is hard to find organic food, but even then, it is often possible to order, make requests etc. I know of 8-10 families in the midwest who got together and make bulk orders of organic beans, rice, wheat and so on.

There are millions of people in this country who could eat organic if they had the priority to do so.

Good organic food is not a luxury. It is a health necessity. Eating a good balanced diet will save money. It will save on health care costs. It will promote a brighter life, the value of which cannot be measured in dollars.

Again, great article, I just had to challenge that one statement, because I believe it is not true. Thanks for the article!

great article 16.Jun.2004 11:58

zero_sum0g

Moth, thanks for posting this. Keep em coming. I'm getting a serious garden together for the first time since I was a kid, and loving it.

To Rebecca 16.Jun.2004 12:22

Godna

Can you cite some proof of the assertion that cardboard ink and glue and newspaper are toxic? I've never heard that before and want to be fully informed as I do use those methods to suppress tenacious perennial unwanteds (weeds).

Newspaper Ink 17.Jun.2004 12:35

ranger

I believe that currently, newspaper ink is soy based. The dyes used to be more toxic. I am not 100% sure of all the components of modern inks.